Python interface to LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC ====================================== This section describes how to build and use LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC via a Python interface. .. contents:: :local: :depth: 1 The LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC distribution includes the file python/liggghts.py which wraps the library interface to LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC. This file makes it is possible to run LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC, invoke LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC commands or give it an input script, extract LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC results, an modify internal LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC variables, either from a Python script or interactively from a Python prompt. You can do the former in serial or parallel. Running Python interactively in parallel does not generally work, unless you have a package installed that extends your Python to enable multiple instances of Python to read what you type. `Python `_ is a powerful scripting and programming language which can be used to wrap software like LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC and other packages. It can be used to glue multiple pieces of software together, e.g. to run a coupled or multiscale model. See :ref:`Section section ` of the manual and the couple directory of the distribution for more ideas about coupling LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC to other codes. See :ref:`Section_start 4 ` about how to build LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC as a library, and :ref:`Section_howto 19 ` for a description of the library interface provided in src/library.cpp and src/library.h and how to extend it for your needs. As described below, that interface is what is exposed to Python. It is designed to be easy to add functions to. This can easily extend the Python inteface as well. See details below. By using the Python interface, LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC can also be coupled with a GUI or other visualization tools that display graphs or animations in real time as LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC runs. Examples of such scripts are inlcluded in the python directory. Two advantages of using Python are how concise the language is, and that it can be run interactively, enabling rapid development and debugging of programs. If you use it to mostly invoke costly operations within LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC, such as running a simulation for a reasonable number of timesteps, then the overhead cost of invoking LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC thru Python will be negligible. Before using LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC from a Python script, you need to do two things. You need to build LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC as a dynamic shared library, so it can be loaded by Python. And you need to tell Python how to find the library and the Python wrapper file python/liggghts.py. Both these steps are discussed below. If you wish to run LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC in parallel from Python, you also need to extend your Python with MPI. This is also discussed below. The Python wrapper for LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC uses the amazing and magical (to me) "ctypes" package in Python, which auto-generates the interface code needed between Python and a set of C interface routines for a library. Ctypes is part of standard Python for versions 2.5 and later. You can check which version of Python you have installed, by simply typing "python" at a shell prompt. .. _py_1: Building LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC as a shared library ----------------------------------------------- Instructions on how to build LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC as a shared library are given in :ref:`Section_start 5 `. A shared library is one that is dynamically loadable, which is what Python requires. On Linux this is a library file that ends in ".so", not ".a". From the src directory, type .. parsed-literal:: make makeshlib make -f Makefile.shlib foo where foo is the machine target name, such as auto or mpi or serial. This should create the file liblmp_foo.so in the src directory, as well as a soft link libliggghts.so, which is what the Python wrapper will load by default. Note that if you are building multiple machine versions of the shared library, the soft link is always set to the most recently built version. If this fails, see :ref:`Section_start 5 ` for more details, especially if your LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC build uses auxiliary libraries like MPI or FFTW which may not be built as shared libraries on your system. ---------- .. _py_2: Installing the Python wrapper into Python ----------------------------------------- For Python to invoke LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC, there are 2 files it needs to know about: * python/liggghts.py * src/libliggghts.so Lammps.py is the Python wrapper on the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC library interface. Libliggghts.so is the shared LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC library that Python loads, as described above. You can insure Python can find these files in one of two ways: * set two environment variables * run the python/install.py script If you set the paths to these files as environment variables, you only have to do it once. For the csh or tcsh shells, add something like this to your ~/.cshrc file, one line for each of the two files: .. parsed-literal:: setenv PYTHONPATH $*PYTHONPATH*:/home/sjplimp/liggghts/python setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH $*LD_LIBRARY_PATH*:/home/sjplimp/liggghts/src If you use the python/install.py script, you need to invoke it every time you rebuild LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC (as a shared library) or make changes to the python/liggghts.py file. You can invoke install.py from the python directory as .. parsed-literal:: % python install.py [libdir] [pydir] The optional libdir is where to copy the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC shared library to; the default is /usr/local/lib. The optional pydir is where to copy the liggghts.py file to; the default is the site-packages directory of the version of Python that is running the install script. Note that libdir must be a location that is in your default LD_LIBRARY_PATH, like /usr/local/lib or /usr/lib. And pydir must be a location that Python looks in by default for imported modules, like its site-packages dir. If you want to copy these files to non-standard locations, such as within your own user space, you will need to set your PYTHONPATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables accordingly, as above. If the install.py script does not allow you to copy files into system directories, prefix the python command with "sudo". If you do this, make sure that the Python that root runs is the same as the Python you run. E.g. you may need to do something like .. parsed-literal:: % sudo /usr/local/bin/python install.py [libdir] [pydir] You can also invoke install.py from the make command in the src directory as .. parsed-literal:: % make install-python In this mode you cannot append optional arguments. Again, you may need to prefix this with "sudo". In this mode you cannot control which Python is invoked by root. Note that if you want Python to be able to load different versions of the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC shared library (see :ref:`this section ` below), you will need to manually copy files like liblmp_auto.so into the appropriate system directory. This is not needed if you set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable as described above. ---------- .. _py_3: Extending Python with MPI to run in parallel -------------------------------------------- If you wish to run LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC in parallel from Python, you need to extend your Python with an interface to MPI. This also allows you to make MPI calls directly from Python in your script, if you desire. There are several Python packages available that purport to wrap MPI as a library and allow MPI functions to be called from Python. These include * `pyMPI `_ * `maroonmpi `_ * `mpi4py `_ * `myMPI `_ * `Pypar `_ All of these except pyMPI work by wrapping the MPI library and exposing (some portion of) its interface to your Python script. This means Python cannot be used interactively in parallel, since they do not address the issue of interactive input to multiple instances of Python running on different processors. The one exception is pyMPI, which alters the Python interpreter to address this issue, and (I believe) creates a new alternate executable (in place of "python" itself) as a result. In principle any of these Python/MPI packages should work to invoke LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC in parallel and MPI calls themselves from a Python script which is itself running in parallel. However, when I downloaded and looked at a few of them, their documentation was incomplete and I had trouble with their installation. It's not clear if some of the packages are still being actively developed and supported. The one I recommend, since I have successfully used it with LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC, is Pypar. Pypar requires the ubiquitous `Numpy package `_ be installed in your Python. After launching python, type .. parsed-literal:: import numpy to see if it is installed. If not, here is how to install it (version 1.3.0b1 as of April 2009). Unpack the numpy tarball and from its top-level directory, type .. parsed-literal:: python setup.py build sudo python setup.py install The "sudo" is only needed if required to copy Numpy files into your Python distribution's site-packages directory. To install Pypar (version pypar-2.1.4_94 as of Aug 2012), unpack it and from its "source" directory, type .. parsed-literal:: python setup.py build sudo python setup.py install Again, the "sudo" is only needed if required to copy Pypar files into your Python distribution's site-packages directory. If you have successully installed Pypar, you should be able to run Python and type .. parsed-literal:: import pypar without error. You should also be able to run python in parallel on a simple test script .. parsed-literal:: % mpirun -np 4 python test.py where test.py contains the lines .. parsed-literal:: import pypar print "Proc %d out of %d procs" % (pypar.rank(),pypar.size()) and see one line of output for each processor you run on. .. warning:: To use Pypar and LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC in parallel from Python, you must insure both are using the same version of MPI. If you only have one MPI installed on your system, this is not an issue, but it can be if you have multiple MPIs. Your LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC build is explicit about which MPI it is using, since you specify the details in your lo-level src/MAKE/Makefile.foo file. Pypar uses the "mpicc" command to find information about the MPI it uses to build against. And it tries to load "libmpi.so" from the LD_LIBRARY_PATH. This may or may not find the MPI library that LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC is using. If you have problems running both Pypar and LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC together, this is an issue you may need to address, e.g. by moving other MPI installations so that Pypar finds the right one. ---------- .. _py_4: Testing the Python-LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC interface ----------------------------------------------- To test if LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC is callable from Python, launch Python interactively and type: .. parsed-literal:: >>> from liggghts import liggghts >>> lig = liggghts() If you get no errors, you're ready to use LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC from Python. If the 2nd command fails, the most common error to see is .. parsed-literal:: OSError: Could not load LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC dynamic library which means Python was unable to load the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC shared library. This typically occurs if the system can't find the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC shared library or one of the auxiliary shared libraries it depends on, or if something about the library is incompatible with your Python. The error message should give you an indication of what went wrong. You can also test the load directly in Python as follows, without first importing from the liggghts.py file: .. parsed-literal:: >>> from ctypes import CDLL >>> CDLL("libliggghts.so") If an error occurs, carefully go thru the steps in :ref:`Section_start 5 ` and above about building a shared library and about insuring Python can find the necessary two files it needs. **Test LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC and Python in serial:** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ To run a LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC test in serial, type these lines into Python interactively from the bench directory: .. parsed-literal:: >>> from liggghts import liggghts >>> lig = liggghts() >>> lig.file("in.lj") Or put the same lines in the file test.py and run it as .. parsed-literal:: % python test.py Either way, you should see the results of running the in.lj benchmark on a single processor appear on the screen, the same as if you had typed something like: .. parsed-literal:: lmp_auto < in.lj **Test LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC and Python in parallel:** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ To run LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC in parallel, assuming you have installed the `Pypar `_ package as discussed above, create a test.py file containing these lines: .. parsed-literal:: import pypar from liggghts import liggghts lig = liggghts() lig.file("in.lj") print "Proc %d out of %d procs has" % (pypar.rank(),pypar.size()),lig pypar.finalize() You can then run it in parallel as: .. parsed-literal:: % mpirun -np 4 python test.py and you should see the same output as if you had typed .. parsed-literal:: % mpirun -np 4 lmp_auto < in.lj Note that if you leave out the 3 lines from test.py that specify Pypar commands you will instantiate and run LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC independently on each of the P processors specified in the mpirun command. In this case you should get 4 sets of output, each showing that a LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC run was made on a single processor, instead of one set of output showing that LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC ran on 4 processors. If the 1-processor outputs occur, it means that Pypar is not working correctly. Also note that once you import the PyPar module, Pypar initializes MPI for you, and you can use MPI calls directly in your Python script, as described in the Pypar documentation. The last line of your Python script should be pypar.finalize(), to insure MPI is shut down correctly. **Running Python scripts:** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Note that any Python script (not just for LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC) can be invoked in one of several ways: .. parsed-literal:: % python foo.script % python -i foo.script % foo.script The last command requires that the first line of the script be something like this: .. parsed-literal:: #!/usr/local/bin/python #!/usr/local/bin/python -i where the path points to where you have Python installed, and that you have made the script file executable: .. parsed-literal:: % chmod +x foo.script Without the "-i" flag, Python will exit when the script finishes. With the "-i" flag, you will be left in the Python interpreter when the script finishes, so you can type subsequent commands. As mentioned above, you can only run Python interactively when running Python on a single processor, not in parallel. .. _py_5: Using LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC from Python ------------------------------------ The Python interface to LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC consists of a Python "liggghts" module, the source code for which is in python/liggghts.py, which creates a "liggghts" object, with a set of methods that can be invoked on that object. The sample Python code below assumes you have first imported the "liggghts" module in your Python script, as follows: .. parsed-literal:: from liggghts import liggghts These are the methods defined by the liggghts module. If you look at the file src/library.cpp you will see that they correspond one-to-one with calls you can make to the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC library from a C++ or C or Fortran program. .. parsed-literal:: lig = liggghts() # create a LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC object using the default libliggghts.so library lig = liggghts("auto") # create a LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC object using the liblmp_auto.so library lig = liggghts("",list) # ditto, with command-line args, e.g. list = ["-echo","screen"] lig = liggghts("auto",list) .. parsed-literal:: lig.close() # destroy a LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC object .. parsed-literal:: lig.file(file) # run an entire input script, file = "in.lj" lig.command(cmd) # invoke a single LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC command, cmd = "run 100" .. parsed-literal:: xlo = lig.extract_global(name,type) # extract a global quantity # name = "boxxlo", "nlocal", etc # type = 0 = int # 1 = double .. parsed-literal:: coords = lig.extract_atom(name,type) # extract a per-atom quantity # name = "x", "type", etc # type = 0 = vector of ints # 1 = array of ints # 2 = vector of doubles # 3 = array of doubles .. parsed-literal:: eng = lig.extract_compute(id,style,type) # extract value(s) from a compute v3 = lig.extract_fix(id,style,type,i,j) # extract value(s) from a fix # id = ID of compute or fix # style = 0 = global data # 1 = per-atom data # 2 = local data # type = 0 = scalar # 1 = vector # 2 = array # i,j = indices of value in global vector or array .. parsed-literal:: var = lig.extract_variable(name,group,flag) # extract value(s) from a variable # name = name of variable # group = group ID (ignored for equal-style variables) # flag = 0 = equal-style variable # 1 = atom-style variable .. parsed-literal:: natoms = lig.get_natoms() # total # of atoms as int data = lig.gather_atoms(name,type,count) # return atom attribute of all atoms gathered into data, ordered by atom ID # name = "x", "charge", "type", etc # count = # of per-atom values, 1 or 3, etc lig.scatter_atoms(name,type,count,data) # scatter atom attribute of all atoms from data, ordered by atom ID # name = "x", "charge", "type", etc # count = # of per-atom values, 1 or 3, etc ---------- .. warning:: Currently, the creation of a LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC object from within liggghts.py does not take an MPI communicator as an argument. There should be a way to do this, so that the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC instance runs on a subset of processors if desired, but I don't know how to do it from Pypar. So for now, it runs with MPI_COMM_WORLD, which is all the processors. If someone figures out how to do this with one or more of the Python wrappers for MPI, like Pypar, please let us know and we will amend these doc pages. Note that you can create multiple LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC objects in your Python script, and coordinate and run multiple simulations, e.g. .. parsed-literal:: from liggghts import liggghts lig1 = liggghts() lig2 = liggghts() lig1.file("in.file1") lig2.file("in.file2") The file() and command() methods allow an input script or single commands to be invoked. The extract_global(), extract_atom(), extract_compute(), extract_fix(), and extract_variable() methods return values or pointers to data structures internal to LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC. For extract_global() see the src/library.cpp file for the list of valid names. New names could easily be added. A double or integer is returned. You need to specify the appropriate data type via the type argument. For extract_atom(), a pointer to internal LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC atom-based data is returned, which you can use via normal Python subscripting. See the extract() method in the src/atom.cpp file for a list of valid names. Again, new names could easily be added. A pointer to a vector of doubles or integers, or a pointer to an array of doubles (double **) or integers (int **) is returned. You need to specify the appropriate data type via the type argument. For extract_compute() and extract_fix(), the global, per-atom, or local data calulated by the compute or fix can be accessed. What is returned depends on whether the compute or fix calculates a scalar or vector or array. For a scalar, a single double value is returned. If the compute or fix calculates a vector or array, a pointer to the internal LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC data is returned, which you can use via normal Python subscripting. The one exception is that for a fix that calculates a global vector or array, a single double value from the vector or array is returned, indexed by I (vector) or I and J (array). I,J are zero-based indices. The I,J arguments can be left out if not needed. See :ref:`Section_howto 15 ` of the manual for a discussion of global, per-atom, and local data, and of scalar, vector, and array data types. See the doc pages for individual :doc:`computes ` and :doc:`fixes ` for a description of what they calculate and store. For extract_variable(), an :doc:`equal-style or atom-style variable ` is evaluated and its result returned. For equal-style variables a single double value is returned and the group argument is ignored. For atom-style variables, a vector of doubles is returned, one value per atom, which you can use via normal Python subscripting. The values will be zero for atoms not in the specified group. The get_natoms() method returns the total number of atoms in the simulation, as an int. The gather_atoms() method returns a ctypes vector of ints or doubles as specified by type, of length count*natoms, for the property of all the atoms in the simulation specified by name, ordered by count and then by atom ID. The vector can be used via normal Python subscripting. If atom IDs are not consecutively ordered within LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC, a None is returned as indication of an error. Note that the data structure gather_atoms("x") returns is different from the data structure returned by extract_atom("x") in four ways. (1) Gather_atoms() returns a vector which you index as x[i]; extract_atom() returns an array which you index as x[i][j]. (2) Gather_atoms() orders the atoms by atom ID while extract_atom() does not. (3) Gathert_atoms() returns a list of all atoms in the simulation; extract_atoms() returns just the atoms local to each processor. (4) Finally, the gather_atoms() data structure is a copy of the atom coords stored internally in LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC, whereas extract_atom() returns an array that effectively points directly to the internal data. This means you can change values inside LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC from Python by assigning a new values to the extract_atom() array. To do this with the gather_atoms() vector, you need to change values in the vector, then invoke the scatter_atoms() method. The scatter_atoms() method takes a vector of ints or doubles as specified by type, of length count*natoms, for the property of all the atoms in the simulation specified by name, ordered by bount and then by atom ID. It uses the vector of data to overwrite the corresponding properties for each atom inside LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC. This requires LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC to have its "map" option enabled; see the :doc:`atom_modify ` command for details. If it is not, or if atom IDs are not consecutively ordered, no coordinates are reset. The array of coordinates passed to scatter_atoms() must be a ctypes vector of ints or doubles, allocated and initialized something like this: .. parsed-literal:: from ctypes import * natoms = lig.get_natoms() n3 = 3*natoms x = (n3*c_double)() x**0** = x coord of atom with ID 1 x**1** = y coord of atom with ID 1 x**2** = z coord of atom with ID 1 x**3** = x coord of atom with ID 2 ... x**n3-1** = z coord of atom with ID natoms lig.scatter_coords("x",1,3,x) Alternatively, you can just change values in the vector returned by gather_atoms("x",1,3), since it is a ctypes vector of doubles. ---------- As noted above, these Python class methods correspond one-to-one with the functions in the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC library interface in src/library.cpp and library.h. This means you can extend the Python wrapper via the following steps: * Add a new interface function to src/library.cpp and src/library.h. * Rebuild LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC as a shared library. * Add a wrapper method to python/liggghts.py for this interface function. * You should now be able to invoke the new interface function from a Python script. Isn't ctypes amazing? .. _py_6: Example Python scripts that use LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC -------------------------------------------------- These are the Python scripts included as demos in the python/examples directory of the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC distribution, to illustrate the kinds of things that are possible when Python wraps LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC. If you create your own scripts, send them to us and we can include them in the LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC distribution. +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | trivial.py | read/run a LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC input script thru Python | +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | demo.py | invoke various LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC library interface routines | +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | simple.py | mimic operation of couple/simple/simple.cpp in Python | +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | gui.py | GUI go/stop/temperature-slider to control LIGGGHTS(R)-PUBLIC | +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | plot.py | real-time temeperature plot with GnuPlot via Pizza.py | +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | viz_tool.py | real-time viz via some viz package | +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | vizplotgui_tool.py | combination of viz_tool.py and plot.py and gui.py | +--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ ---------- For the viz_tool.py and vizplotgui_tool.py commands, replace "tool" with "gl" or "atomeye" or "pymol" or "vmd", depending on what visualization package you have installed. Note that for GL, you need to be able to run the Pizza.py GL tool, which is included in the pizza sub-directory. See the `Pizza.py doc pages `_ for more info: .. _pizza: http://www.sandia.gov/~sjplimp/pizza.html Note that for AtomEye, you need version 3, and there is a line in the scripts that specifies the path and name of the executable. See the AtomEye WWW pages `here `_ or `here `_ for more details: .. parsed-literal:: http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A3/A3.html .. _atomeye: http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A .. _atomeye3: http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A3/A3.html The latter link is to AtomEye 3 which has the scriping capability needed by these Python scripts. Note that for PyMol, you need to have built and installed the open-source version of PyMol in your Python, so that you can import it from a Python script. See the PyMol WWW pages `here `_ or `here `_ for more details: .. parsed-literal:: http://www.pymol.org http://sourceforge.net/scm/?type=svn&group_id=4546 .. _pymol: http://www.pymol.org .. _pymolopen: http://sourceforge.net/scm/?type=svn&group_id=4546 The latter link is to the open-source version. ---------- See the python/README file for instructions on how to run them and the source code for individual scripts for comments about what they do. Here are screenshots of the vizplotgui_tool.py script in action for different visualization package options. Click to see larger images: .. thumbnail:: JPG/screenshot_gl.jpg .. thumbnail:: JPG/screenshot_atomeye.jpg .. thumbnail:: JPG/screenshot_pymol.jpg .. thumbnail:: JPG/screenshot_vmd.jpg .. _liws: http://www.cfdem.com .. _ld: Manual.html .. _lc: Section_commands.html#comm